MAN(1) man - man [ ] [[] ...] ... man -k [ ] _ ... man -K [ ] [] ... man -f [- ] ... man -l [ ] ... man -w|-W [ ] ... man . %% , . . O, , ce %% . ( DEFAULTs), , . . 1 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ,,/dev") 5 , . ,, /etc/passwd" 6 7 ( ), . man(7), groff(7), man-pages(7) 8 ( ) 9 [ ] . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . . . [-abc] [ ] . -a|-b ,,|" . ... . [] ... ,,[ ]" . . , , . . . man ls () ls. man .7 7. ( ,,man 7 man".) man 'man(7)' 7. ( ,,man 7 ". . .) man -a , , . . man -t | lpr -Pps - - ps. - . ,,man --help" ,,-t". man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi - ./foo.1x.gz (dvi - device independent). -T . ,,xdvi" ,,dvips". man -k printf printf . . ,,apropos printf." man -f smail ,,smail" . ,,whatis smail." man . , , , . , man. ,,catch-all" $MANOPT ( ). man $MANOPT . . $MANOPT, -D . man ,," $MANOPT . ,,nroff(1)" ,,/usr/share/man". , ,,cat pages" . ,,manpath(5)" . , ,,locale". , ,,$LC_MESSAGES", ,,$LANG", , ,,POSIX" : <>[_<>[.<->[,<>]]] , ( ). , . , , , . , . , . ,,$MANSECT" ,,SECTION" ,,/etc/man_db.conf". : 1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7 ,,pager"-. , ( ,,-P" ). . , -p $MANROFFSEQ. -p , . , '\" <> -p . , . (nroff [tg]roff -t) . , ,,mandb_nfmt" ( ,,mandb_tfmt" -t) , . , , -T -E . - , $MANOPT, , . , . -C , --config-file= ,,~/.manpath". -d, --debug . -D, --default man . $MANOPT. -D . --warnings[=] groff-. . ; , ,,mac". ,,Warnings" info groff- . -f, --whatis whatis. , . whatis(1) . -k, --apropos apropos. . apropos(1) . -K, --global-apropos . , ; , . (), --regex. , , , ,,\-" . . -l, --local-file ,,local". . ,,nroff" . . ,,-" , . , man ,,/", . -w, --where, --path, --location , . ,,-a" , . -W, --where-cat, --location-cat , . ,,-a" , . ,,-w" ,,-W", . ,,-w", ,,-W", ,,-a", . -c, --catman catman. -R , --recode= , . , manconv(1). , , . ,,man-recode(1)" , . -L , --locale= man ,,setlocale(3)" , $LC_MESSAGES $LANG. , man. . . -m [,...], --systems=[,...] , . -, ,,-m ". . , . $SYSTEM. -M , --manpath= - . , man manpath . $MANPATH -m. - ( ,, "). , -l. -S , -s , --sections= , . ,,$MANSECT" . (,,-s" V.) -e -, --extension=- , Tcl, . exit(3), Tcl l. , , ,,", , exit(3tcl). , man exit(3) exit(3tcl). , man - . , -e tcl man *tcl. -i, --ignore-case . . -I, --match-case . --regex , apropos(1). ,," , -a. --wildcard , apropos(1) --wildcard. , . ,," , -a. --names-only --regex --wildcard, , , whatis(1). , . -a, --all , man . man- . -u, --update ,,man" . , ,,mandb(8)" . --no-subpages , man . , . : $ man -aw git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz , --no-subpages. $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz -P , --pager= . , ,,man" ,,less", ,,cat" ,,less" . $MANPAGER, $PAGER. ,,-f" ,,-k". , ( , ). ; , , . -r , --prompt= less, man . () x , x . $LESS. -r . $MAN_PN ,,(" ,,)". \ \ \ \$MAN_PN\ ?lt\ %lt?L/%L.: \ %bB?s/%s..?\ ():?pB\ %pB\\%.. ( ,,h" ,,q" ) . less(1). . , . $ ,,less". man -ix8 . $MANLESS . -7, --ascii (7) 7- , 1(7) . 1 . 1 . : 1(7) . latin1 ascii ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255 - - () 267 o o 264 ' ' 327 x x 1 , 1 . 1 , man 1 . 1 , . -t, -H, -T, -Z . -E , --encoding= . , , 1, 8 -8. --no-hyphenation, --nh , , . , . , , ; , ,,\%" , ,,\%" . --no-justification, --nj , . , , ,,-" . , , ; , ,,.na", ,,.nf", ,,.fi", ,,.ad" . -p , --preprocessor= /. . : eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r). $MANROFFSEQ. zsoelim . -t, --troff groff -mandoc . -H, -T, -Z. -T[], --troff-device[=] groff- ( troff-) . -t. ( groff- 1.23.0) dvi, latin1, pdf, ps, utf8, X75 X100. -H[], --html[=] , . , $BROWSER, ( ). -t, . -X[], --gxditview[=] ,,gxditview". ( ) 75, 75-12, 100, 100-12, 75; -12 12-. -T X75, X75-12, X100, X100-12 . -Z, --ditroff groff troff - . groff -mandoc groff, groff- -. -t. -?, --help . --usage . -V, --version . 0 . 1 , . 2 . 3 - . 16 // . MANPATH $MANPATH, . SEARCH PATH manpath-(5) . MANROFFOPT ,,man" (nroff, troff, groff), ,,$MANROFFOPT" . , MANROFFOPT=-P-i ( ) . MANROFFSEQ $MANROFFSEQ, . . MANSECT $MANSECT, . ,,1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7", SECTION /etc/man_db.conf. MANPAGER, PAGER $MANPAGER $PAGER ($MANPAGER ), . , less, ,,cat" ,,less" . , ( , ). ; , , . MANLESS $MANLESS, less, -r ( $MAN_PN ). , ,, ", $MANLESS ,,-Ps ". -r . BROWSER $BROWSER, , ,,man --html". , %s , %% (%), %c (:). SYSTEM $SYSTEM, ,,-m". MANOPT $MANOPT, man- . man- , $MANOPT . . MANWIDTH $MANWIDTH, ( $COLUMNS, ioctl(2) , 80 ). , 66 80 . MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING , ( ), . , $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING - , . man . MAN_KEEP_STDERR , ( ), . , . , , , $MAN_KEEP_STDERR - , . MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP , man seccomp(2) . . , $MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP - . PIPELINE_DEBUG $PIPELINE_DEBUG 1, man . LANG, LC_MESSAGES , $LANG $LC_MESSAGES . man ( ). setlocale(3) . /etc/man_db.conf ,,man-db" . /usr/share/man . POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.1-2017. apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8) , ,,info(1)" ,,HTML". 1990, 1991 - . (jwe@che.utexas.edu). 23. 1992.: (faith@cs.unc.edu) (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl). 30. 1994. - 23. 2000.: . (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) . 30. 1996. - 30. 2001.: , . 31. 2001. - : ,,man-db". https://gitlab.com/man-db/man-db/-/issues https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=man-db 2.13.1 2025-05-02 MAN(1)