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.TH "GDAL-VECTOR-BUFFER" "1" "Aug 18, 2026" "" "GDAL"
.SH NAME
gdal-vector-buffer \- Compute a buffer around geometries of a vector dataset
.sp
Added in version 3.12.

.SH SYNOPSIS
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.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.EX
Usage: gdal vector buffer [OPTIONS] <INPUT> <OUTPUT> <DISTANCE>

Compute a buffer around geometries of a vector dataset.

Positional arguments:
  \-i, \-\-input <INPUT>                                  Input vector datasets [required] [not available in pipelines]
  \-o, \-\-output <OUTPUT>                                Output vector dataset [required] [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-distance <DISTANCE>                                Distance to which to extend the geometry. [required]

Common Options:
  \-h, \-\-help                                           Display help message and exit
  \-\-json\-usage                                         Display usage as JSON document and exit
  \-\-config <KEY>=<VALUE>                               Configuration option [may be repeated]
  \-q, \-\-quiet                                          Quiet mode (no progress bar or warning message) [not available in pipelines]

Options:
  \-l, \-\-layer, \-\-input\-layer <INPUT\-LAYER>             Input layer name(s) [may be repeated] [not available in pipelines]
  \-f, \-\-of, \-\-format, \-\-output\-format <OUTPUT\-FORMAT>  Output format (\(dqGDALG\(dq allowed) [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-co, \-\-creation\-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                Creation option [may be repeated] [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-lco, \-\-layer\-creation\-option <KEY>=<VALUE>         Layer creation option [may be repeated] [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-overwrite                                          Whether overwriting existing output dataset is allowed [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-update                                             Whether to open existing dataset in update mode [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-overwrite\-layer                                    Whether overwriting existing output layer is allowed [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-append                                             Whether appending to existing layer is allowed [not available in pipelines]
                                                       Mutually exclusive with \-\-upsert
  \-\-output\-layer <OUTPUT\-LAYER>                        Output layer name [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-skip\-errors                                        Skip errors when writing features [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-active\-layer <ACTIVE\-LAYER>                        Set active layer (if not specified, all)
  \-\-active\-geometry <ACTIVE\-GEOMETRY>                  Geometry field name to which to restrict the processing (if not specified, all)
  \-\-endcap\-style <ENDCAP\-STYLE>                        Endcap style.. ENDCAP\-STYLE=round|flat|square (default: round)
  \-\-join\-style <JOIN\-STYLE>                            Join style.. JOIN\-STYLE=round|mitre|bevel (default: round)
  \-\-mitre\-limit <MITRE\-LIMIT>                          Mitre ratio limit (only affects mitered join style). (default: 5)
  \-\-quadrant\-segments <QUADRANT\-SEGMENTS>              Number of line segments used to approximate a quarter circle. (default: 8)
  \-\-side <SIDE>                                        Sets whether the computed buffer should be single\-sided or not.. SIDE=both|left|right (default: both)

Advanced Options:
  \-\-if, \-\-input\-format <INPUT\-FORMAT>                  Input formats [may be repeated] [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-oo, \-\-open\-option <KEY>=<VALUE>                    Open options [may be repeated] [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-output\-oo, \-\-output\-open\-option <KEY>=<VALUE>      Output open options [may be repeated] [not available in pipelines]
  \-\-upsert                                             Upsert features (implies \(aqappend\(aq) [not available in pipelines]
                                                       Mutually exclusive with \-\-append
.EE
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
\fBgdal vector buffer\fP computes a POLYGON or MULTIPOLYGON that
represents all points whose distance from a geometry/geography is less than or
equal to a given distance. A negative distance shrinks the geometry rather than
expanding it. A negative distance may shrink a polygon completely, in which case
POLYGON EMPTY is returned. For points and lines negative distances always return
empty results.
.sp
See the \X'tty: link https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Buffer.html'\fI\%PostGIS ST_Buffer docs\fP\X'tty: link' for additional graphical illustrations of the
effect of the different parameters.
.sp
The output dataset is always written as \fBMULTIPOLYGON\fP, even when the input contains only simple \fBPOLYGON\fP geometries.
Note that negative buffer distances may also produce \fBMULTIPOLYGON\fP results.
.sp
Using a buffer distance of 0 can sometimes repair invalid geometries, but the recommended approach is
to use \fBgdal vector make\-valid\fP for reliable geometry validation and repair.
.sp
This command can also be used as a step of \fI\%gdal vector pipeline\fP\&.
.SH GDALG OUTPUT (ON-THE-FLY / STREAMED DATASET)
.sp
This program supports serializing the command line as a JSON file using the \fBGDALG\fP output format.
The resulting file can then be opened as a vector dataset using the
\fI\%GDALG: GDAL Streamed Algorithm\fP driver, and apply the specified pipeline in a on\-the\-fly /
streamed way.
.sp
\fBNOTE:\fP
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.INDENT 3.5
This command requires a GDAL build against the GEOS library.
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.SH PROGRAM-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
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.TP
.B \-\-distance <DISTANCE>
Radius of the buffer around the input geometry.
The unit of the distance is in georeferenced units of the source layer.
.UNINDENT
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.TP
.B \-\-endcap\-style round|flat|square
Specifies the end cap style of the generated buffer.
Default is \fBround\fP\&.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 2.5
[image]
Buffered lines with \fBendcap\-style=round\fP, \fBendcap\-style=flat\fP and \fBendcap\-style=square\fP.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
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.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-join\-style round|mitre|bevel
Sets the join style for outside (reflex) corners between line segments.
Default is \fBround\fP\&.
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.INDENT 2.5
[image]
Buffered lines with \fBjoin\-style=round\fP, \fBjoin\-style=mitre\fP and \fBjoin\-style=bevel\fP.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
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.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-input\-layer <NAME>
Specifies one or more layer names to read and process. By default, all
layers will be read and processed. To read and write all layers but only
process a subset, use \fI\%\-\-active\-layer\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-mitre\-limit <MITRE\-LIMIT>
Sets the limit on the mitre ratio used for very sharp corners.
This option only applies when \fBjoin\-style=mitre\fP is used.
.sp
Default is 5.
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.INDENT 2.5
[image]
Lines with a \fBdistance=2\fP buffer, and \fBmitre\-limit=5\fP on the left, and \fBmitre\-limit=1\fP
on the right.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The mitre ratio is the ratio of the distance from the corner
to the end of the mitred offset corner.
When two line segments meet at a sharp angle,
a miter join will extend far beyond the original geometry.
(and in the extreme case will be infinitely far.)
To prevent unreasonable geometry, the mitre limit
allows controlling the maximum length of the join corner.
Corners with a ratio which exceed the limit will be beveled.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-output\-layer <NAME>
Name of the layer to which output should be written. If not specified,
the output layer will have the same name as the input layer.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-quadrant\-segments <QUADRANT\-SEGMENTS>
Sets the number of line segments used to approximate an angle fillet in round joins.
.sp
This determines the maximum error in the approximation to the true buffer curve.
The default value of 8 gives less than 2% max error in the
buffer distance.
For a max error of < 1%, use QS = 12.
For a max error of < 0.1%, use QS = 18.
The error is always less than the buffer distance
(in other words, the computed buffer curve is always inside
the true curve).
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 2.5
[image]
Buffered points with \fBquadrant\-segments=4\fP and \fBquadrant\-segments=20\fP.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
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.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-side both|left|right
Sets whether the computed buffer should be single\-sided or on both sides (default).
.sp
\fBleft\fP indicates that the buffer is generated on the left\-hand side of the line,
and \fBright\fP indicates that the buffer is generated on the right\-hand side of the line,
determined by the order of the line\(aqs vertices (i.e., the direction in which the line is drawn).
.sp
Single\-side buffering is only applicable to LINESTRING geometry and does not
affect POINT or POLYGON geometries, and the end cap style is forced to square.
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[image]
Buffered lines with  \fBside=both\fP, \fBside=left\fP and \fBside=right\fP.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
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.SH STANDARD OPTIONS
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.TP
.B \-\-append
Whether appending features to existing layer(s) is allowed.
This also creates the output dataset if it does not exist yet.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-active\-layer <ACTIVE\-LAYER>
Set the active layer. When it is specified, only the layer specified by
its name will be subject to the processing. Other layers will be not
modified.
If this option is not specified, all layers will be subject to the
processing.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-active\-geometry <ACTIVE\-GEOMETRY>
Set the active geometry field from its name. When it is specified, only the
specified geometry field will be subject to the processing. Other geometry
fields will be not modified.
If this option is not specified, all geometry fields will be subject to the
processing.
This option can be combined together with \fI\%\-\-active\-layer\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-co, \-\-creation\-option <NAME>=<VALUE>
Many formats have one or more optional dataset creation options that can be
used to control particulars about the file created. For instance,
the GeoPackage driver supports creation options to control the version.
.sp
May be repeated.
.sp
The dataset creation options available vary by format driver, and some
simple formats have no creation options at all. A list of options
supported for a format can be listed with the
\fI\%\-\-formats\fP
command line option but the documentation for the format is the
definitive source of information on driver creation options.
See \fI\%Vector drivers\fP format
specific documentation for legal creation options for each format.
.sp
Note that dataset creation options are different from layer creation options.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-if, \-\-input\-format <format>
Format/driver name to be attempted to open the input file(s). It is generally
not necessary to specify it, but it can be used to skip automatic driver
detection, when it fails to select the appropriate driver.
This option can be repeated several times to specify several candidate drivers.
Note that it does not force those drivers to open the dataset. In particular,
some drivers have requirements on file extensions.
.sp
May be repeated.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-lco, \-\-layer\-creation\-option <NAME>=<VALUE>
Many formats have one or more optional layer creation options that can be
used to control particulars about the layer created. For instance,
the GeoPackage driver supports layer creation options to control the
feature identifier or geometry column name, setting the identifier or
description, etc.
.sp
May be repeated.
.sp
The layer creation options available vary by format driver, and some
simple formats have no layer creation options at all. A list of options
supported for a format can be listed with the
\fI\%\-\-formats\fP
command line option but the documentation for the format is the
definitive source of information on driver creation options.
See \fI\%Vector drivers\fP format
specific documentation for legal creation options for each format.
.sp
Note that layer creation options are different from dataset creation options.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-oo, \-\-open\-option <NAME>=<VALUE>
Dataset open option (format specific).
.sp
May be repeated.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-f, \-\-of, \-\-format, \-\-output\-format <OUTPUT\-FORMAT>
Which output vector format to use. Allowed values may be given by
\fBgdal \-\-formats | grep vector | grep rw | sort\fP
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-output\-open\-option, \-\-output\-oo <NAME>=<VALUE>
Added in version 3.12.

.sp
Dataset open option for output dataset (format specific).
.sp
May be repeated.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-overwrite
Allow program to overwrite existing target file or dataset.
Otherwise, by default, \fBgdal\fP errors out if the target file or
dataset already exists.
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.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-overwrite\-layer
Whether overwriting the existing output vector layer is allowed.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-skip\-errors
Added in version 3.12.

.sp
Whether failures to write feature(s) should be ignored. Note that this option
sets the size of the transaction unit to one feature at a time, which may
cause severe slowdown when inserting into databases.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-update
Whether to open an existing output dataset in update mode.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-upsert
Added in version 3.12.

.sp
Variant of \fI\%\-\-append\fP where the \fI\%OGRLayer::UpsertFeature()\fP
operation is used to insert or update features instead of appending with
\fI\%OGRLayer::CreateFeature()\fP\&.
.sp
This is currently implemented only in a few drivers:
\fI\%GPKG \-\- GeoPackage vector\fP, \fI\%Elasticsearch: Geographically Encoded Objects for Elasticsearch\fP and \fI\%MongoDBv3\fP
(drivers that implement upsert expose the \fI\%GDAL_DCAP_UPSERT\fP
capability).
.sp
The upsert operation uses the FID of the input feature, when it is set
(and the FID column name is not the empty string),
as the key to update existing features. It is crucial to make sure that
the FID in the source and target layers are consistent.
.sp
For the GPKG driver, it is also possible to upsert features whose FID is unset
or non\-significant (the \fB\-\-unset\-fid\fP option of \fI\%gdal vector edit\fP
can be used to ignore the FID from the source feature), when there is a
UNIQUE column that is not the integer primary key.
.UNINDENT
.SH RETURN STATUS CODE
.sp
The program returns status code 0 in case of success, and non\-zero in case of
error (non\-blocking errors emitted as warnings are considered as a successful
execution).
.SH EXAMPLES
.SS Example 1: Compute a buffer of one km around input geometries (assuming the CRS is in meters)
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.INDENT 3.5
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.EX
$ gdal vector buffer \-\-distance=1000 in.gpkg out.gpkg \-\-overwrite
.EE
.UNINDENT
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.SS Example 2: Buffer a point dataset with 20 segments per quadrant (instead of default 8) to better approximate a circle
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.EX
$ gdal vector buffer \-\-distance=20 \-\-quadrant\-segments=20 points.gpkg point_buffers.gpkg
.EE
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.SS Example 3: Buffer lines to the left using join and end cap styles
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.INDENT 3.5
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.EX
$ gdal vector buffer \-\-distance=10 \-\-endcap\-style=flat \-\-side=left \-\-join\-style=mitre \-\-mitre\-limit=2 lines.gpkg lines\-buffer\-endcap.gpkg
.EE
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.SS Example 4: Clip and buffer a zipped line dataset as part of a pipeline
Bash
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
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.EX
gdal vector pipeline \e
! read \(dq/vsizip/lines.zip\(dq \e
! clip \-\-bbox 647903,6863599,648703,6864399 \e
! buffer \-\-distance=5 \e
! write line\-buffer.gpkg \-\-overwrite
.EE
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
PowerShell
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.EX
gdal vector pipeline \(ga
! read \(dq/vsizip/lines.zip\(dq \(ga
! clip \-\-bbox 647903,6863599,648703,6864399 \(ga
! buffer \-\-distance=5 \(ga
! write line\-buffer.gpkg \-\-overwrite
.EE
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH AUTHOR
Even Rouault <even.rouault@spatialys.com>
.SH COPYRIGHT
1998-2026
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